diff --git a/src/routes/api.ts b/src/routes/api.ts
index bb96d18..2f17e53 100644
--- a/src/routes/api.ts
+++ b/src/routes/api.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
 import { handleCommand } from '../commands';
 import { openaiCircuitBreaker } from '../openai-service';
 import { createLogger } from '../utils/logger';
+import { toError } from '../utils/error';
 
 const logger = createLogger('api');
 
@@ -32,6 +33,31 @@ const ContactFormBodySchema = z.object({
   name: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
+/**
+ * API Key 인증 검증
+ * @returns 인증 실패 시 Response, 성공 시 null
+ */
+function requireApiKey(request: Request, env: Env): Response | null {
+  const apiSecret = env.DEPOSIT_API_SECRET;
+  const authHeader = request.headers.get('X-API-Key');
+  if (!apiSecret || authHeader !== apiSecret) {
+    return Response.json({ error: 'Unauthorized' }, { status: 401 });
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * CORS 헤더 생성
+ */
+function getCorsHeaders(env: Env): Record<string, string> {
+  const allowedOrigin = env.HOSTING_SITE_URL || 'https://hosting.anvil.it.com';
+  return {
+    'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': allowedOrigin,
+    'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'POST, OPTIONS',
+    'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type',
+  };
+}
+
 // 사용자 조회/생성
 async function getOrCreateUser(
   db: D1Database,
@@ -72,12 +98,9 @@ async function getOrCreateUser(
  */
 async function handleDepositBalance(request: Request, env: Env, url: URL): Promise<Response> {
   try {
-    const apiSecret = env.DEPOSIT_API_SECRET;
-    const authHeader = request.headers.get('X-API-Key');
-
-    if (!apiSecret || authHeader !== apiSecret) {
-      return Response.json({ error: 'Unauthorized' }, { status: 401 });
-    }
+    // API Key 인증
+    const authError = requireApiKey(request, env);
+    if (authError) return authError;
 
     const telegramId = url.searchParams.get('telegram_id');
     if (!telegramId) {
@@ -103,7 +126,7 @@ async function handleDepositBalance(request: Request, env: Env, url: URL): Promi
       balance: deposit?.balance || 0,
     });
   } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Deposit balance error', error as Error);
+    logger.error('Deposit balance error', toError(error));
     return Response.json({ error: 'Internal server error' }, { status: 500 });
   }
 }
@@ -117,14 +140,18 @@ async function handleDepositBalance(request: Request, env: Env, url: URL): Promi
  */
 async function handleDepositDeduct(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
   try {
-    const apiSecret = env.DEPOSIT_API_SECRET;
-    const authHeader = request.headers.get('X-API-Key');
+    // API Key 인증
+    const authError = requireApiKey(request, env);
+    if (authError) return authError;
 
-    if (!apiSecret || authHeader !== apiSecret) {
-      return Response.json({ error: 'Unauthorized' }, { status: 401 });
+    // JSON 파싱 (별도 에러 핸들링)
+    let jsonData: unknown;
+    try {
+      jsonData = await request.json();
+    } catch {
+      return Response.json({ error: 'Invalid JSON format' }, { status: 400 });
     }
 
-    const jsonData = await request.json();
     const parseResult = DepositDeductBodySchema.safeParse(jsonData);
 
     if (!parseResult.success) {
@@ -203,7 +230,7 @@ async function handleDepositDeduct(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response
           context: 'api_deposit_deduct_rollback'
         });
       } catch (rollbackError) {
-        logger.error('잔액 복구 실패 - 수동 확인 필요', rollbackError as Error, {
+        logger.error('잔액 복구 실패 - 수동 확인 필요', toError(rollbackError), {
           userId: user.id,
           telegram_id: body.telegram_id,
           amount: body.amount,
@@ -234,7 +261,7 @@ async function handleDepositDeduct(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response
       new_balance: newBalance,
     });
   } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Deposit deduct error', error as Error);
+    logger.error('Deposit deduct error', toError(error));
     return Response.json({ error: 'Internal server error' }, { status: 500 });
   }
 }
@@ -248,7 +275,14 @@ async function handleDepositDeduct(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response
  */
 async function handleTestApi(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
   try {
-    const jsonData = await request.json();
+    // JSON 파싱 (별도 에러 핸들링)
+    let jsonData: unknown;
+    try {
+      jsonData = await request.json();
+    } catch {
+      return Response.json({ error: 'Invalid JSON format' }, { status: 400 });
+    }
+
     const parseResult = TestApiBodySchema.safeParse(jsonData);
 
     if (!parseResult.success) {
@@ -309,7 +343,7 @@ async function handleTestApi(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
       user_id: telegramUserId,
     });
   } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Test API error', error as Error);
+    logger.error('Test API error', toError(error));
     return Response.json({ error: 'Internal server error' }, { status: 500 });
   }
 }
@@ -322,13 +356,9 @@ async function handleTestApi(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
  * @returns JSON response with success status
  */
 async function handleContactForm(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
-  // CORS: hosting.anvil.it.com만 허용
+  // CORS 헤더 생성
+  const corsHeaders = getCorsHeaders(env);
   const allowedOrigin = env.HOSTING_SITE_URL || 'https://hosting.anvil.it.com';
-  const corsHeaders = {
-    'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': allowedOrigin,
-    'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'POST, OPTIONS',
-    'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type',
-  };
 
   // Origin 헤더 검증 (curl 우회 방지)
   const origin = request.headers.get('Origin');
@@ -342,7 +372,17 @@ async function handleContactForm(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
   }
 
   try {
-    const jsonData = await request.json();
+    // JSON 파싱 (별도 에러 핸들링)
+    let jsonData: unknown;
+    try {
+      jsonData = await request.json();
+    } catch {
+      return Response.json(
+        { error: 'Invalid JSON format' },
+        { status: 400, headers: corsHeaders }
+      );
+    }
+
     const parseResult = ContactFormBodySchema.safeParse(jsonData);
 
     if (!parseResult.success) {
@@ -387,7 +427,7 @@ async function handleContactForm(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
       { headers: corsHeaders }
     );
   } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Contact form error', error as Error);
+    logger.error('Contact form error', toError(error));
     return Response.json(
       { error: '문의 전송 중 오류가 발생했습니다.' },
       { status: 500, headers: corsHeaders }
@@ -402,13 +442,8 @@ async function handleContactForm(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
  * @returns Response with CORS headers
  */
 async function handleContactPreflight(env: Env): Promise<Response> {
-  const allowedOrigin = env.HOSTING_SITE_URL || 'https://hosting.anvil.it.com';
   return new Response(null, {
-    headers: {
-      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': allowedOrigin,
-      'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'POST, OPTIONS',
-      'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type',
-    },
+    headers: getCorsHeaders(env),
   });
 }
 
@@ -468,7 +503,7 @@ async function handleMetrics(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
 
     return Response.json(metrics);
   } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Metrics API error', error as Error);
+    logger.error('Metrics API error', toError(error));
     return Response.json({ error: 'Internal server error' }, { status: 500 });
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/utils/error.ts b/src/utils/error.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2b3a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/error.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * Error handling utilities for type-safe error conversion
+ *
+ * @module error
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * import { toError } from './utils/error';
+ *
+ * try {
+ *   // ...
+ * } catch (error) {
+ *   logger.error('Operation failed', toError(error));
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+
+/**
+ * unknown 타입을 Error로 안전하게 변환
+ *
+ * catch 블록에서 unknown 타입의 error를 Error 객체로 변환합니다.
+ * TypeScript strict mode에서 `error as Error` 타입 단언을 피하기 위해 사용합니다.
+ *
+ * @param error - catch 블록에서 받은 unknown 타입 에러
+ * @returns Error 객체
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * try {
+ *   await riskyOperation();
+ * } catch (error) {
+ *   // ✅ Type-safe
+ *   logger.error('Operation failed', toError(error));
+ *
+ *   // ❌ Type assertion (avoid)
+ *   // logger.error('Operation failed', error as Error);
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+export function toError(error: unknown): Error {
+  // Already an Error object - return as-is
+  if (error instanceof Error) {
+    return error;
+  }
+
+  // String error - wrap in Error object
+  if (typeof error === 'string') {
+    return new Error(error);
+  }
+
+  // Other types - convert to string and wrap
+  return new Error(String(error));
+}