dev: NixOS 25.11 매뉴얼 로컬 사본 추가

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dev/nixos-manual/configuration/modularity.section.md

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+# Modularity {#sec-modularity}
+
+The NixOS configuration mechanism is modular. If your
+`configuration.nix` becomes too big, you can split it into multiple
+files. Likewise, if you have multiple NixOS configurations (e.g. for
+different computers) with some commonality, you can move the common
+configuration into a shared file.
+
+Modules have exactly the same syntax as `configuration.nix`. In fact,
+`configuration.nix` is itself a module. You can use other modules by
+including them from `configuration.nix`, e.g.:
+
+```nix
+{ config, pkgs, ... }:
+
+{
+  imports = [
+    ./vpn.nix
+    ./kde.nix
+  ];
+  services.httpd.enable = true;
+  environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.emacs ];
+  # ...
+}
+```
+
+Here, we include two modules from the same directory, `vpn.nix` and
+`kde.nix`. The latter might look like this:
+
+```nix
+{ config, pkgs, ... }:
+
+{
+  services.xserver.enable = true;
+  services.displayManager.sddm.enable = true;
+  services.desktopManager.plasma6.enable = true;
+  environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.vim ];
+}
+```
+
+Note that both `configuration.nix` and `kde.nix` define the option
+[](#opt-environment.systemPackages). When multiple modules define an
+option, NixOS will try to *merge* the definitions. In the case of
+[](#opt-environment.systemPackages) the lists of packages will be
+concatenated. The value in `configuration.nix` is
+merged last, so for list-type options, it will appear at the end of the
+merged list. If you want it to appear first, you can use `mkBefore`:
+
+```nix
+{ boot.kernelModules = mkBefore [ "kvm-intel" ]; }
+```
+
+This causes the `kvm-intel` kernel module to be loaded before any other
+kernel modules.
+
+For other types of options, a merge may not be possible. For instance,
+if two modules define [](#opt-services.httpd.adminAddr),
+`nixos-rebuild` will give an error:
+
+```plain
+The unique option `services.httpd.adminAddr' is defined multiple times, in `/etc/nixos/httpd.nix' and `/etc/nixos/configuration.nix'.
+```
+
+When that happens, it's possible to force one definition take precedence
+over the others:
+
+```nix
+{ services.httpd.adminAddr = pkgs.lib.mkForce "bob@example.org"; }
+```
+
+When using multiple modules, you may need to access configuration values
+defined in other modules. This is what the `config` function argument is
+for: it contains the complete, merged system configuration. That is,
+`config` is the result of combining the configurations returned by every
+module. (If you're wondering how it's possible that the (indirect) *result*
+of a function is passed as an *input* to that same function: that's
+because Nix is a "lazy" language --- it only computes values when
+they are needed. This works as long as no individual configuration
+value depends on itself.)
+
+For example, here is a module that adds some packages to
+[](#opt-environment.systemPackages) only if
+[](#opt-services.xserver.enable) is set to `true` somewhere else:
+
+```nix
+{ config, pkgs, ... }:
+
+{
+  environment.systemPackages =
+    if config.services.xserver.enable then
+      [
+        pkgs.firefox
+        pkgs.thunderbird
+      ]
+    else
+      [ ];
+}
+```
+
+With multiple modules, it may not be obvious what the final value of a
+configuration option is. The command `nixos-option` allows you to find
+out:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ nixos-option services.xserver.enable
+true
+
+$ nixos-option boot.kernelModules
+[ "tun" "ipv6" "loop" ... ]
+```
+
+Interactive exploration of the configuration is possible using `nix
+  repl`, a read-eval-print loop for Nix expressions. A typical use:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ nix repl '<nixpkgs/nixos>'
+
+nix-repl> config.networking.hostName
+"mandark"
+
+nix-repl> map (x: x.hostName) config.services.httpd.virtualHosts
+[ "example.org" "example.gov" ]
+```
+
+While abstracting your configuration, you may find it useful to generate
+modules using code, instead of writing files. The example below would
+have the same effect as importing a file which sets those options.
+
+```nix
+{ config, pkgs, ... }:
+
+let
+  netConfig = hostName: {
+    networking.hostName = hostName;
+    networking.useDHCP = false;
+  };
+
+in
+{
+  imports = [ (netConfig "nixos.localdomain") ];
+}
+```